How to learn ipv6 mentioned in CCIE Routing and Switching (1)

How to learn ipv6 mentioned in CCIE Routing and Switching, let me explain it today.
IPV6
1.IPV6 address format
2.IPV6 basic agreement
3.IPV6 routing protocol
4.IPV6 transition technology

Background of IPV6: Solving the problem of IPV4 address shortage (NAT)
What are the characteristics and advantages of IPV6 compared to IPV4?
1. Address is enough (128 bit)
2. Support plug and play
3. IPV6 packet structure is simpler and the forwarding efficiency is higher.
4.IPV6 package is good for expansion
5.IPV6 considers security and mobility at the beginning of the design

IPV6 package structure: basic header | extended header | extended header

1.IPV6 address type and format
IPV6 address format
128-bit binary composition, customarily written as 32-bit hexadecimal, divided into 8 segments, each segment is used: separate
IPV6 supports abbreviated rules:
0200:0000:0000:0EFA:0000:0000:0000:ABCD
A segment is all 0, can only be represented by a 0
The leftmost 0 of a segment can be removed.
200:0:0:EFA:0:0:0:ABCD
Reading N segments 0 can be done with ::, but in an IPV6 address, one is allowed to appear::
200::EFA:0:0:0:ABCD or 200:0:0:EFA::ABCD

IPV6 address type: unicast, multicast, anycast
a) Unicast unicast
Global scope global scope
Link local link local
Site local site local
Special purpose
Worldwide unicast address: similar to the public address in IPV4, mainly used in the global Internet
Feature: Head 3 is binary fixed 001x (0010 0011=2/3)
IPV4 addresses can be divided into network bits and host bits (by mask)
IPV6 address distinguishes prefix bit and port ID by prefix
IPV6 worldwide unicast addresses also have standard prefixes
/16 TLA top aggregate 8192 TLAs (2^16 of which 13 are unknown, so 2^13=8192)
/48 NLA next level polymerization
/64 SLA Site-Level Aggregation
Port ID representation:
Network administrators manually define (how many random)
Automatic generation of EUI-64 format (standard 64-bit)
EUI-64 generates a MAC address of 48 bits based on the MAC address. The first 24: FFFE: the last 24 bits.
Site local unicast address: similar to IPV4 private network address
The first 10 digits are fixed 1111 1110 11 The general habit is written as FEC0::/10
Usually the site local unicast address prefix is /64.
The format of the prefix:
1111 1110 11 38 0 16-bit SLA bits
(defined by the user, distinguishing different user network segments)

Link-local unicast address: Generally used as the source address of the IPV6 routing protocol packet in IPV6, it can only be used on the direct link.
The first 10 positions are fixed 1111 1110 10 FE80::/10
The address format is fixed:
1111 1110 10 54 0 EUI-64 automatically generated port ID

Special purpose unicast address:
:: 128 0 is similar to 0.0.0.0 in IPV4 address. Uncertain IP, only source
::1 Similar to 127.0.0.1 local loopback address in IPV4, for self-test
::192.168.12.1 IPV4 embedded IPV6 address

b) multicast address
Source——————group number The source address in IPV6 must be a unicast address.
Features: Head 8 fixed 1111 1111 = F
The 16-bit IPV6 multicast address header has a special meaning: the last 112 bits are generally called group id.
FFXY X=1 temporary X=0 fixed; Y indicates range Y=2 link Y=5 site Y=E global
FF02::5, FF02::6 OSPFv3 IP Multicast Protocol Address
FF02::1:FF (104 bits) The last 24 bits are pending, and the neighbor requests a multicast address.

c) Anycast address
The address format is the same as the global unicast address
Interface
Ipv6 address x:x...... anycast (differentiated from unicast)
If the source sends data to the anycast address, the device that is closest to the source and configured with the anycast address receives data.
Neighbor requests multicast address:
FF02::1:FF (104 bits fixed) The last 24 bits are filled by the last 24 bits of the corresponding IP address

Basic protocol of IPV6 One port can be configured with multiple IPV6 protocols
The basic protocol of IPV6: ICMPv6
Neighbor discovery process, mainly using ICMPv6
1.DAD: Address Repeat Detection (ARP is used in IPV4)
2. Neighbor request process: mapping of Layer 3 address and Layer 2 address
3. Router discovery: stateless automatic acquisition of address
Neighbor discovery request requires the use of a neighbor request multicast protocol.
The neighbor discovery process implements the DAD function:
Mainly use two kinds of packets of ICMPV6: NS neighbor request, NA neighbor advertisement
PCA PCB
2001::1/64————————2001::2/64 2 terminals
IPV6 specifies that any device that acquires an IPV6 address immediately generates a neighbor request multicast address.
Generated neighbor request multicast address:
FF02::1:FF00:0001 FF02::1:FF00:00002
In the DAD function, the terminal will send the NS after obtaining the IPV6 address.
——————
Send NS packet to the PCB. NS: Source IP is:: Destination IP is FF02::1:FF00:0001
NA: Source IP is 2001::1 Destination IP is FF02::1:FF00:0001
Layer 3 IP to link layer address mapping -> NS is also sent when the terminal knows the destination IPV6 address but does not know the destination link layer address.
Address resolution:
PCA PCB
2001::1/64————————2001::2/64
NS: Source IP 2001::1 Destination IP FF02::1:FF00:0002
——————————————
NA: Source IP 2001::2 Destination IP FF02::1:FF00:0001

The router discovery function of the neighbor discovery process completes the stateless automatic acquisition of IP.
Three ways for IPV6 terminals to obtain addresses:
Manual configuration
2. Stateful auto configuration (with DHCP server) stateful
3. Stateless autoconfiguration (no DHCP server) stateless

Router discovery function: RS, RA packet
PC————————R
RS Source IP :: Destination IP FFO2::2
————————
RA 64-bit prefix gateway
The PC obtains the 64-bit prefix and then uses the EUI-64 format to generate the port ID based on the MAC.
When the PC gets the IPV6 address and then sends the NS, the DAD is completed.