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LAN switching focuses on how switches operate at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) to forward frames based on MAC addresses. Key topics include VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) for segmenting broadcast domains, trunking protocols like 802.1Q, and Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) to prevent loops. Switching methods such as cut-through, fragment-free, and store-and-forward are explored to optimize performance and reliability. Configuration tasks involve setting up port security, managing MAC address tables, and implementing EtherChannel for load balancing.

Routing in CCNA revolves around Layer 3 (Network Layer) protocols and how routers determine optimal paths using routing tables. Key protocols include RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP for dynamic routing, along with static routing. Concepts like administrative distance, route summarization, and inter-VLAN routing are critical. Troubleshooting routing issues, such as misconfigured routes or protocol mismatches, is emphasized. Practical labs often involve configuring default gateways, verifying routes with commands like show IP route, and simulating multi-router topologies.

Network security topics include securing devices with passwords, SSH, and role-based access control (RBAC). Access Control Lists (ACLs) are used to filter traffic, while features like port security and DHCP snooping mitigate Layer 2 attacks. The curriculum also covers firewall basics, VPNs (e.g., IPsec), and threat detection using Cisco IOS IPS. Security principles align with the CIA triad (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability), addressing threats like DDoS, phishing, and unauthorized access. Hands-on labs focus on configuring AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) and securing network services.

WAN technologies explore connections beyond local networks, including leased lines, MPLS, and VPNs. Protocols like PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) and HDLC are used for serial links, while Frame Relay and DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN) enable scalable remote access. Concepts such as QoS (Quality of Service) and broadband technologies (e.g., DSL, cable) are introduced. Configuration tasks involve setting up site-to-site VPNs, troubleshooting WAN interfaces, and understanding cloud integration. These technologies ensure reliable, secure communication across geographically dispersed networks.

The CCNA certification provides a comprehensive foundation in networking, starting with core concepts like the OSI model and IP addressing. It delves into LAN switching for efficient local data forwarding and routing protocols for inter-network communication. Security modules teach threat mitigation and device hardening, while WAN technologies extend connectivity to global scales. Together, these components prepare professionals to design, implement, and troubleshoot modern networks.