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1
參考答案
With extensive experience in working with TCP/IP, I have honed my skills in resolving technical issues remotely by accessing the IP addresses of the user. I also possess expertise in installing and configuring wireless LAN technology, enabling seamless internet or intranet access within office spaces or designated areas. Moreover, my proficiency extends to deploying secure VPNs for multiple businesses, ensuring their data remains safeguarded and accessible only to people with the necessary authority. I recognise how these networking protocols represent fundamental components of standard technology crucial to a network's day-to-day functionality.
2
參考答案
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) is used for low-interference environments or legacy systems, while DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) is preferred for higher data rates and robust performance in noisy settings.
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3
參考答案
An active directory provides ways to handle the relationships and identities within a network. It allows the network administrator to manage domains, objects, and users in a network. The admin can create a user group and assign special access privileges to them for accessing specific directories on the server. The 3 main components of the active directory structure are - Domain - Trees - Forests
4
參考答案
A MAC (Media Access Control) address is used for uniquely identifying a device on a network. Also called the physical address or ethernet address, MAC addresses are 48-bit numbers that are present in the NIC of the devices. This is an address given by the manufacturer of the device. The MAC sub-layer of the data link layer makes use of the MAC addresses. They are 12-digit hexadecimal numbers, where the first 6 digits identify the manufacturer.
5
參考答案
To configure wireless QoS for VoIP: - - Define a QoS policy for voice traffic. - Apply the policy to the appropriate WLAN or SSID. - Use priority tags (e.g., DSCP values) to prioritize voice packets. - Configure access points and controllers to enforce QoS settings.
6
參考答案
Routers have a built-in console that allows you to configure various settings, such as security and data logging. You can assign restrictions to computers, like what resources they are allowed access to or when they can browse the Internet. You can also impose restrictions on what websites are not visible across the entire network.
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參考答案
I handle network capacity forecasting and planning by analyzing current network usage, monitoring traffic patterns, and projecting future growth. I use historical data and industry benchmarks to identify potential bottlenecks and plan for necessary upgrades or expansions. Regular reviews and updates to the capacity plan ensure that the network can support the organization's evolving needs.
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參考答案
The ASA provides stateful firewall, VPN, and intrusion prevention services for network security.
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參考答案
A trunk port is a network link that carries data for many VLANs over a single connection. Its main job is to connect switches, allowing VLANs to stretch across multiple devices. Trunk ports handle traffic from many different VLANs. Trunk ports add a special tag to each piece of data. This tag identifies which VLAN the data belongs to. The receiving switch reads the tag to send the data to the correct destination. This system makes the network more efficient and flexible.
10
參考答案
DNS stands for domain name system. Websites are accessed by their domain names such as google.com and yahoo.com. But these names are not understood by the computer. The DNS translates these names into IP addresses so that the browsers can load them for the users. DNS converts the hostname of the website into an IP address that is readable by the computer. The converting of hostnames into IP addresses is called forward lookup. Converting or resolving IP addresses into hostnames is called backward lookup.
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參考答案
ARP translates a known IP address into a physical MAC address. Devices on a local network need a MAC address to communicate directly. ARP is the protocol used to discover it. When a device needs to send data, it knows the destination IP address. It uses an ARP request to ask the network for the matching MAC address. The device with that IP address sends an ARP reply. This reply contains its MAC address. The requesting device can now send its data. ARP is an essential process for discovering addresses on a local network.
12
參考答案
MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) directs data using labels for fast, efficient routing in service provider networks.
13
參考答案
Cloud-based WiFi network management platforms provide a centralized, anywhere-management for WiFi networks. With features like rapid deployment, centralized control, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, utilizing these platforms for managing WiFi 6/6E networks would prove advantageous. Personal experience includes using platforms like Cisco Meraki and Aruba Central to manage and optimize network operations.
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參考答案
Wireless network density refers to the number of devices or access points within a given area. High density can lead to increased competition for bandwidth and potential interference, requiring careful planning and management to ensure optimal performance.
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參考答案
Ad-hoc mode allows direct device-to-device communication without an access point, while infrastructure mode uses an access point to manage connections.
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參考答案
Node: Any communicating device in a network is called a Node. Node is the point of intersection in a network. It can send/receive data and information within a network. Examples of the node can be computers, laptops, printers, servers, modems, etc. Link: A link or edge refers to the connectivity between two nodes in the network. It includes the type of connectivity (wired or wireless) between the nodes and protocols used for one node to be able to communicate with the other.
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參考答案
Anonymous FTP allows users to access files on a server without requiring a personalized login. It's often used for distributing public data, though security considerations are paramount. In my role, I've configured anonymous FTP for controlled environments while ensuring proper access restrictions.
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參考答案
- IEEE 802.11 is the official name for WIFI wireless specification. It is composed of more than 20 different standards (802.11a, 802.11b, etc), each of which have their own defining characteristics. Since not all standards operate on the same frequency, not all 802.11 devices are compliant with one another, so be sure to consider the compatibility when making your purchasing decision. So this is an alternative name for Wi-Fi which suits all the properties of the Wi-Fi and functioning as well. - Wireless networking hardware requires the use of underlying technology that deals with radio frequencies as well as data transmission. The most widely used standard is 802.11 produced by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). This is a standard defining all aspects of Radio Frequency Wireless networking.
19
參考答案
During a company-wide meeting, I explained the importance of network security to non-technical staff by using simple analogies, like comparing firewalls to locked doors. This approach helped everyone understand the critical role they play in maintaining our network's safety.
20
參考答案
Analyze current usage trends, forecast growth, and plan for bandwidth and hardware upgrades.
21
參考答案
I primarily use SolarWinds and Nagios for network monitoring and management. These tools allow me to proactively identify and resolve issues, ensuring optimal network performance and security.
22
參考答案
PCNSE certifies skills in deploying and managing Palo Alto firewalls for network security.
23
參考答案
Use QoS policies to prioritize VoIP traffic, minimize jitter, and ensure low latency with bandwidth guarantees.
24
參考答案
Two or more computers form a network when some wire or fiber optics physically links them. In this configuration, the computers are referred to as nodes, and the link is the actual medium of communication, i.e., the physical medium.
25
參考答案
DNS is the Domain Name System. It is considered as the devices/services directory of the Internet. It is a decentralized and hierarchical naming system for devices/services connected to the Internet. It translates the domain names to their corresponding IPs. For e.g. interviewbit.com to 172.217.166.36. It uses port 53 by default.
26
參考答案
Wireless communication refers to the transmission of data or voice signals without the use of physical connections (wires). It relies on electromagnetic waves (e.g., radio, microwave, infrared) to transfer information between devices.
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參考答案
Load balancing distributes network traffic across multiple servers or links to optimize resource use and prevent overload.
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參考答案
DTPC: Adjusts transmit power of APs and clients to ensure balanced communication and save battery life.
29
參考答案
The candidate should state their preferred Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) method (e.g., EAP-TLS, PEAP) and justify based on security, ease of deployment, or compatibility.
30
參考答案
Handover is the process of transferring an ongoing call or data session from one cell to another as the user moves. It ensures seamless communication without dropping connections as users move through different coverage areas.
31
參考答案
Cross cable and standard LAN cables differ in the manner that the paired wires are joined to the connector (RJ45). The theoretical length is 100 meters, however, after you pass 80 meters, the signal loss may cause your speed to decline.
32
參考答案
I use tools like Wireshark, NetFlow analyzers, or network management software to collect and examine data on traffic volume, flow, sources, and destinations. I look for trends, spikes, or irregularities in the data to identify potential issues and optimize performance.
33
參考答案
- 802.1x: IEEE standard for port-based network access control, providing an authentication framework for wireless LANs. It authenticates devices wishing to attach to a LAN or WLAN through a central authority.
34
參考答案
There are many ways to discover network topology and most of the ways you know determine your experience in the field. First, you can ping random IP addresses. If you do a tracert, you can discover router IP addresses. You can install a network traffic packet analyzer to read some of the traffic that passes between segments of the network. You can run an SNMP scanner and attempt to find open systems. Even at a basic level, you can plug a laptop into open data ports to see if you can connect to various servers and other desktops.
35
參考答案
2.4GHz Frequency.
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參考答案
Use commands like ipconfig or arp -a to detect duplicates, then release/renew IPs or assign static addresses to resolve conflicts.
37
參考答案
Channel width affects the data rate and bandwidth of a wireless network. Wider channels (e.g., 40 MHz, 80 MHz) provide higher throughput but can also increase interference. Properly selecting channel width helps balance performance and interference.
38
參考答案
Managing interference on WiFi networks is critical for optimal performance. On the 6 GHz band, the primary concerns comprise co-channel interference and adjacent channel interference. My approach includes conducting regular spectrum analysis, ensuring the network infrastructure is well-designed, carefully selecting WiFi channels, and effectively using WiFi 6/6E technologies like OFDMA and MU-MIMO. This helps in managing interference and ensuring a smooth, efficient network.
39
參考答案
Effective prioritization ensures critical tasks are addressed promptly. Candidates should describe their method for assessing task urgency and importance, and how they balance immediate needs with long-term projects.
40
參考答案
A VLAN is a group of devices that are on different physical networks but can communicate as if they were in the same network. VLANs improve network performance by segmenting the network, which reduces the need to send broadcasts and multicasts on the entire network. It also improves security by isolating sensitive data to a specific VLAN.
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參考答案
- UWB is Radio Frequency technology that transmits binary data, using low energy and short duration impulses over a wide spectrum of frequencies. It delivers data over 15 to 100 meters and does not require a dedicated radio frequency. For example, a UWB signal centered at 5GHz typically extends across 4GHz and 6GHz. At longer distances, UWB data rates drop considerably. - Bluetooth:- The key difference among UWB and Bluetooth are of range, power, consumption and intended use. It is basically meant for short distances up to (10m). It is low power consuming than UWB. - Since FireWire is meant to deliver high speed, it is also designed to work with high power drain services. It therefore can provide much more power to the devices that connect to it. It can deliver up to 60 watts of energy. So the only difference here is of power it uses more power than UWB. - Wi-Fi really wasn't built to move audio and video, it was built for data traffic where if there's delay, while UWB is better suited for multimedia for a couple of reasons, i.e. for starters, it's throughput for surpasses that of Wi-Fi.
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參考答案
-65 to -67 dBm
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參考答案
"Cat 5" and "Cat 6" are the LAN cable types most often used. The speed limits for "Cat 5" and "Cat 6" are 100 Mbps and 1 Gbps, respectively. A cross table connects same-type devices for interaction without needing a switch or hub.
44
參考答案
HTTP is the HyperText Transfer Protocol which defines the set of rules and standards on how the information can be transmitted on the World Wide Web (WWW). It helps the web browsers and web servers for communication. It is a ‘stateless protocol' where each command is independent with respect to the previous command. HTTP is an application layer protocol built upon the TCP. It uses port 80 by default. HTTPS is the HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure or Secure HTTP. It is an advanced and secured version of HTTP. On top of HTTP, SSL/TLS protocol is used to provide security. It enables secure transactions by encrypting the communication and also helps identify network servers securely. It uses port 443 by default.
45
參考答案
Ansible uses playbooks to automate configuration across devices, supporting idempotent and agentless operations.
46
參考答案
Latency is the time it takes for data to make a round trip. We measure latency in milliseconds. A low number is good. A high number is bad. You send a message and wait for a response. The time you wait is referred to as latency. It is the time for a signal to travel to a server and then come back to you. When playing an online game, low latency is crucial. High latency causes lag. It makes the game feel slow. The same applies to video calls. High latency makes conversations difficult. It is not the same as speed. Speed, or bandwidth, is how much data you can move at once. Latency refers to the time it takes for any piece of data to travel. You can have a fast connection with bad latency. This would feel like a big highway with a long delay at a traffic light.
47
參考答案
Common hardware networking problems: - Faulty hard drives - Damaged network interface cards (NICs) - Hardware initialisation issues - Inaccurate hardware configuration Common software networking problems: - Issues related to client-server interactions - Conflicts arising from application compatibility - Errors in configuration settings - Protocol mismatches that cause communication problems - Security concerns and vulnerabilities - Challenges related to user policies and rights management
48
參考答案
Subnetting is the process of dividing a larger IP network into smaller, more manageable sub-networks (subnets). This helps improve network performance and security. To calculate subnets, you determine the number of bits needed for the subnet mask to achieve the desired number of subnets and hosts per subnet. For example, to create four subnets from a Class C network (192.168.1.0/24), you would use a subnet mask of 255.255.255.192 (/26), which provides four subnets with 62 hosts each.
49
參考答案
Wi-Fi is a wireless technology using radio waves for connectivity, while Ethernet uses physical cables for wired, more stable connections.
50
參考答案
Threats are anything that can exploit a vulnerability accidentally or intentionally and destroy or damage an asset. An asset can be anything people, property, or information. The asset is what we are trying to protect and a threat is what we are trying to protect against. Vulnerability means a gap or weakness in our protection efforts. Risk is nothing but an intersection of assets, threats, and vulnerability. A+T+V = R
51
參考答案
A CASB enforces security policies between cloud users and providers, monitoring access and data.
52
參考答案
The candidate should describe their involvement in mesh network design, including node placement, routing protocols, and performance optimization.
53
參考答案
A VLAN is a way to divide a single physical network into multiple logical networks using a switch. Even though all devices may be connected to the same switch, VLANs make it work as if there were separate networks. Okay, so to understand this better, you should think of LAN. In a regular setup, all devices connected to a switch belong to the same broadcast domain. So any broadcast message like ARP is sent to everyone. Now here's what VLAN does. - Basically all the devices are grouped into different VLANs, and each VLAN acts like its own separate network. So from here, broadcast traffic stays within that VLAN and does not reach others. - Another interesting part is that devices in the same VLAN can communicate as if they are on the same LAN, even if they are connected through different physical switches. This is possible because VLAN information is carried across all the switches by using the 802.1Q standard, which adds a VLAN ID ranging from 1 to 4094 to Ethernet frames. Now, what if two devices are in different VLANs? Unfortunately, they won't be able to communicate directly. Communication between VLANs requires inter-VLAN routing, which is done using either a router or a Layer 3 switch. So Why VLANs are actually used? With the use of VLAN, the grouping becomes possible based on function instead of physical location. For example: There can be HR department in one VLAN and Engineering in another This mainly helps in: - improving security - reducing broadcast traffic - making network management more flexible Because of this, most switches use VLAN 1, unless it is configured to be otherwise.
54
參考答案
I manage network device configurations and backups by using configuration management tools and automated backup solutions. This includes regularly backing up device configurations, maintaining version control, and storing backups in secure locations. Regular audits and updates ensure that configurations are up-to-date and can be quickly restored in case of device failures or configuration errors.
55
參考答案
TCP is the Transmission Control Protocol and IP is the Internet Protocol.
56
參考答案
ACLs (Access Control Lists) are used to define rules that control the flow of traffic in a network. They specify which packets are allowed or denied based on criteria such as source and destination IP addresses, ports, and protocols. ACLs are implemented on routers, switches, and firewalls to enhance network security, manage traffic, and enforce policies.
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參考答案
- 10Base2: A contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments are required for 10Base2: An Ethernet term that refers to a maximum transmission rate of 10 Megabits per second using baseband signaling. - 10Base5: 10Base5 is an Ethernet phrase that refers to 5 continuous segments with a maximum distance of 100 meters between them and a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second using baseband signaling. - 10BaseT: An acronym for Ethernet that refers to twisted-pair wiring and a top transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second.
58
參考答案
Password Recovery: Use the CLI and Restore-Password command for versions 5.1 and later; otherwise, reset to factory defaults.
59
參考答案
Each device (such as a computer or printer) in a computer network that uses Internet Protocol (IP) is assigned a numerical label known as an Internet Protocol address (IP address). The IP of your system or device uniquely identifies it from a large network of computers.
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參考答案
- STP (Spanning Tree Protocol): Enabled to prevent network loops.
61
參考答案
Anycast sends packets to the nearest node with the same address, used for load balancing and redundancy.
62
參考答案
I regularly read publications like IEEE Spectrum and attend industry conferences like Mobile World Congress. I'm also a member of the Wireless Communications Association, which provides access to valuable resources and networking opportunities. Recently, I implemented a new network optimization tool I learned about at a conference, which increased our system efficiency by 15%. Staying updated is crucial for my role, as it directly impacts my ability to innovate and lead effectively.
63
參考答案
Data encapsulation is the process of breaking data into smaller, manageable pieces before it is transmitted across the network. In this process, source and destination addresses are appended to the headers, along with error checks.
64
參考答案
A wireless access point (AP) provides wireless connectivity to devices within a network. It acts as a bridge between wireless clients and the wired network, allowing devices to connect to the network without physical cables.
65
參考答案
I have experience with cloud networking and hybrid environments, including configuring and managing network resources on platforms like AWS, Azure, and Google Cloud. This includes setting up VPNs, virtual networks, and security groups to ensure seamless connectivity between on-premises and cloud environments. Hybrid environments require careful integration and management to ensure performance, security, and reliability.
66
參考答案
WEP : 8 Octet [4-IV + 4-ICV] TKIP : 20 Octet [4-IV + 4-EIV + 8-MIC + 4-ICV] CCMP : 16 Octet [8-CCMP Header + 8-MIC]
67
參考答案
STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) prevents loops in switching.
68
參考答案
The most secure Diffie-Hellman group is currently considered to be Group 24 (2048-bit ECP) or higher, offering stronger encryption and resistance to attacks. Apart from that the security of a Diffie-Hellman (DH) group depends on the size and type of the underlying prime numbers or elliptic curves used.
69
參考答案
Wireless spectrum refers to the range of radio frequencies used for wireless communication. It is important because it determines the capacity, coverage, and performance of wireless networks. Proper management of spectrum helps avoid interference and optimize network performance.
70
參考答案
Frequency reuse is a technique used in cellular networks to maximize spectrum efficiency by allowing the same frequencies to be used by different cells in a network. These cells are geographically separated to minimize interference.
71
參考答案
NAT stands for Network Address Translation. The process of NAT involves converting a specific range of private IP addresses to a single public IP address linked to a gateway device. The network address translation process allows a single device to act as an intermediary or agent between a private, localized network and a public network, such as the Internet. The main focus of NAT is to conserve public IP addresses.
72
參考答案
A DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack overwhelms a target with traffic from multiple sources, disrupting normal service.
73
參考答案
The address field in a datagram network is end-to-end addressing.
74
參考答案
A network can be considered as a set of devices of systems that are connected. They can communicate and share information. Devices such as computers, laptops, servers, and printers can be connected through networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and WAN (Wide Area Network).
75
參考答案
Common issues include interference from other wireless devices, physical obstructions (e.g., walls, furniture), incorrect access point placement, and network congestion. Addressing these issues often involves optimizing channel settings, adjusting AP locations, and managing network traffic.
76
參考答案
When tasked with creating or enhancing a customer's network, I adopt an inquisitive approach. During the initial stages, I invest time in asking a multitude of questions to gain a comprehensive understanding of the client's needs and expectations. Once I've gathered and clarified all this information, I'll then proceed to formulate a solution that aligns with their specific needs. I'll use this process to ensure that the end result meets or exceeds the client's expectations and provides the best possible network solution tailored to their specific goals.
77
參考答案
Every engineer will come across an issue that he can't figure out. Network engineering is difficult, so no one expects you to have the answers at all times. However, it's important that you know how to find answers when you need them. The first obvious answer is to Google. Google also leads you to some popular spots for network engineers and other IT people. Stack Overflow is a popular forum where you can ask, answer and read questions and answers. You can also find help in books and manuals that come with the hardware you purchase.
78
參考答案
The ARP protocol resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses for communication within a local network segment.
79
參考答案
Wireless networks typically work in one of two configurations: Ad-Hoc or Infrastructure. 1) Ad-Hoc is Latin meaning “for this purpose” so these are the networks which are basically created for some purpose. So these are the group of workstations which communicate directly witch each other to exchange information. An Ad-Hoc network is also called as a peer to peer network. Here are some benefits of an Ad-Hoc network are:- a) The possibilities with Ad-Hoc network are quite endless. b) Ad-Hoc networks are simple to set up. c) Ad-Hoc networks are inexpensive. d) Ad-Hoc networks are fast. Disadvantages of an Ad-Hoc network are as follows:- a) It is not able to get into the mainstream wired local area network. b) It needs more technology to support their reliability. c) As the network increases its speed slows down considerably. 2) In Infrastructure mode, network includes an access point when the wireless clients connect to an access point, which in turn bridges to a network. Infrastructure network can pass information through a central information hub which can be both, hardware or software device on a computer. So under this devices in a wireless network are set up to communicate through an access point. An infrastructure network enables you to:- a) In this you do not have to control over the path your data takes. b) Connect to a wired network. c) Extend your wireless network's range. d) Utilize roaming ability. Disadvantages for Infrastructure network are:- 1. Use of more wireless access points. 2. This increase the cost of implementing a wireless network solution.
80
參考答案
A subnet mask is used to divide an IP address into network and host portions, enabling efficient routing and network segmentation.
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參考答案
A DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) is a separate network segment that acts as a buffer zone between an internal network and external networks, such as the internet. It hosts publicly accessible services, such as web servers and email servers, while isolating them from the internal network. This setup enhances security by reducing the risk of external threats penetrating the internal network.
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參考答案
TCP is connection-oriented and reliable; UDP is connectionless and faster but unreliable.
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參考答案
Private Address: For each class, there are specific IPs that are reserved specifically for private use only. This IP address cannot be used for devices on the Internet as they are non-routable. | IPv4 Class | Private IPv4 Start Address | Private IPv4 End Address | |---|---|---| | A | 10.0.0.0 | 10.255.255.255 | | B | 172.16.0.0 | 172.31.255.255 | | C | 192.168.0.0 | 192.168.255.255 | Special Address: IP Range from 127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.255 are network testing addresses also known as loopback addresses are the special IP address.
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參考答案
TCP/IP consists of four layers: the network interface, internet, transport, and application layers. Each layer serves distinct functions, from handling physical transmission to managing end-to-end communication. This layered approach facilitates modular design and troubleshooting.
85
參考答案
Multiple SSIDs allow an access point to broadcast different network names, enabling the segregation of traffic for various user groups (e.g., employees, guests). It helps in managing network access and applying different security policies for each SSID.
86
參考答案
Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for internal networks through the IP address and are not routable on external public networks. This ensures that no conflicts are present among internal networks.
87
參考答案
I always strive to adapt my communication style to match the knowledge level of the person I'm speaking with, whether it's a colleague or a client. I do my best to employ simple terms and easy-to-understand language when conversing with individuals outside the networking domain. I often use analogies when translating complicated topics to people, as I find this approach makes things simpler for others to grasp intricate ideas.
88
參考答案
When designing multi-cloud networking architectures, I consider the following: - Interoperability between different cloud providers - Data transfer costs between clouds and on-premises systems - Consistent security policies across all environments - Network performance and latency between clouds - Redundancy and failover mechanisms - Compliance with data sovereignty regulations - Unified monitoring and management tools for all cloud environments
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參考答案
The three-way handshake is the process of establishing a TCP connection: SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK.
90
參考答案
One common issue I've encountered is network congestion, which I resolved by implementing Quality of Service (QoS) policies to prioritize critical traffic. Additionally, I addressed latency problems by optimizing routing paths and upgrading network hardware.
91
參考答案
There are seven layers in the OSI Reference Models: - The physical layer converts data bits into radio signals. - The data link layer is where packets are encoded and decoded into bits for node-to-node transfer. - The network layer transfers data sequences from one node to another. - The transport layer transfers data between nodes and acknowledges successful transmissions. - The session layer establishes and terminates local and remote application connections. - The presentation layer transforms data into a form that's accepted by the application layer. - The application layer interacts with the application to enable tasks like email, data transfer, etc.
92
參考答案
The 10 refers to the data transfer rate, which in this case is 10 Mbps. The term 'Base' refers to baseband, as opposed to broadband.
93
參考答案
I follow industry blogs, attend webinars, pursue certifications, and participate in forums.
94
參考答案
A network loop occurs when packets circulate endlessly due to redundant paths, causing broadcast storms. It is prevented using STP (Spanning Tree Protocol).
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參考答案
Transparent Bridge: A transparent bridge automatically maintains a routing table and updates tables in response to maintaining changing topology. The transparent bridge mechanism consists of three mechanisms: - Frame forwarding - Address Learning - Loop Resolution The Transparent bridge is easy to use. Install the bridge and no software changes are needed in the hosts. In all the cases, transparent bridges flooded the broadcast and multicast frames.
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參考答案
A softphone is software that emulates a phone, enabling VoIP calls from a computer or mobile device.
97
參考答案
ICMP is used for network diagnostics and error messages, such as unreachable hosts or time exceeded, facilitating troubleshooting.
98
參考答案
Supports Up to 1500 Access Points.
99
參考答案
When we install Active Directory, a domain is formed. It's a security barrier that controls computers inside of it. Using a domain, you can centrally manage computers and control them with group policies.
100
參考答案
There are multiple effective approaches to achieve ensure your network is secure. First, I would ensure that all work computers and devices are installed with a reliable and up-to-date anti-virus programme. Secondly, I'd recommend setting up and configuring appropriate firewalls to bolster network security. I would also consider implementing user authentication protocols to help enhance the protection of the network. By combining these measures, a highly secured network can be established.
101
參考答案
The obvious answer to this question is yes or no, but you should elaborate if the answer is yes. Most networking environments use a combination of Windows and Linux servers and desktops. Usually, network engineers prefer Linux servers and work with Windows and Linux desktops. Occasionally, you might have some Mac desktops as well to work with.
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A proxy server is a computer or system that works like a middleman between your device and the internet. It is used for better security, privacy, control, and faster access to some websites. If you want to open a website on your browser, you just type the address, and it will open the website. But when a proxy server is used, your request first goes to the proxy server, which then sends it to the website. Why do companies use a proxy server? There are many reasons for using a proxy server. Here are some important ones: - Security: A proxy server hides the real IP Address of users. It can help protect systems from hackers. - Control: Companies use it to block websites like games or social media during work hours. - Faster Browsing: Some proxy servers save copies of websites in memory. If the user reloads this website, the server will serve it faster. - Privacy: A proxy server can hide the real identity of the user by showing its own server.
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While it can be challenging when deploying a new technology, with thorough planning, training, and learning, configuring and managing WiFi 6/6E networks can be accomplished smoothly. From a technical standpoint, both these networks need to be configured correctly to leverage the benefits to their full potential. That involves properly setting up MU-MIMO, ensuring the use of 1024-QAM where applicable, and ensuring the network is properly segmented, among other things.
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Network visualization tools allow network engineers to monitor network and data performance, including components like routers and servers, by using visual depictions of networks and data flows. Understanding visualization tools can help you find issues, simplify network planning, and complete other tasks that can reduce downtime or potential costs, so employers may want to ensure you have a grasp of visualization techniques.
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I have extensive experience with OSPF, EIGRP, and BGP, having implemented and optimized these protocols in various enterprise environments. For instance, I successfully configured BGP for a multi-homed network to ensure redundancy and load balancing.
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These are some of the most common terms you will come across while reading content on 11n and 11ac. The books i have referenced have all you need on these concepts
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Load balancing improves reliability, prevents overload, and optimizes resource utilization.
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Antennas are used to transmit and receive wireless signals between devices. They convert electrical signals into radio waves and vice versa, enabling communication over the air. Different types of antennas (e.g., omnidirectional, directional) are used based on the network design and coverage requirements.
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Network types can be classified and divided based on the area of distribution of the network. The below diagram would help to understand the same:
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ACLs filter traffic based on IP addresses, protocols, or ports, used for security and traffic management.
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I use a variety of tools for network monitoring and management, including SolarWinds, Nagios, PRTG Network Monitor, and Wireshark. These tools provide real-time monitoring, alerting, and detailed analysis of network performance and traffic. They help identify and resolve issues quickly, ensure network uptime, and optimize network performance.
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I stay updated with industry standards and regulations by regularly attending training sessions and reviewing compliance documentation. I also conduct periodic audits to ensure our network designs meet all necessary requirements, proactively addressing any potential issues.
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Design with modular hardware, use hierarchical topologies, and plan for IP address growth and bandwidth upgrades.
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Transmission entails the physical movement of information, which raises concerns about things like bit polarity, synchronization, clocks, etc. Communication is the complete information exchange between two communication media.
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- Wi-Fi: Wireless Fidelity, a technology that uses radio waves for high-speed network connectivity based on IEEE 802.11 standards. Devices include PCs, laptops, video game consoles, phones, tablets, smart TVs, and more. - WiMAX: Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, referenced by IEEE 802.16, commonly termed 4G. It provides wide area network access and uses OFDM modulation.
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- WLAN: Similar to SSID, required for client association with the network.
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Implementing ACLs involves defining rules that control network traffic based on IP addresses, protocols, or ports. This includes determining security policies, creating ACL entries, applying them to network interfaces, and regularly reviewing and updating them to adapt to changing security needs.
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If you've previously worked as a Network Engineer, summarize your experience. If not, discuss relevant skills and projects and how they'll relate to your day-to-day activities on the job. Looking over your resume will help you prepare for this question. Note the highlights so you can be ready to talk about them if asked to do so. You'll also want to include information that's not listed on your resume. Otherwise, it may sound like you're just repeating those details. Instead, discuss what you learned in previous positions and how those experiences relate to your current skill set. You can also mention any relevant courses you've taken or certifications you've earned.
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Most network admins need to work as a team. The interviewer will ask you questions regarding team environment to make sure you are comfortable working with other team members. Some people cannot work in a team and need to be in their own environment. If the company has a large network, however, you will probably need to work as a team with other engineers.
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The candidate should list tools they have used (e.g., Wireshark, Ekahau, AirMagnet) and explain their preferred tool based on features, ease of use, or past success.
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Extended ACLs are source- and destination-based. Standard ACLs are source-based.
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SDN separates the control plane from the data plane, centralizing network management via software controllers.
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The OSI Session Layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to communicate with each other by holding a session. This includes establishing the session, managing data exchange during the session, and terminating the session upon completion.
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- 2.4GHz Frequency.
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- Wi-Fi Hotspot: Physical location providing Internet access via a wireless local area network using a router connected to an ISP.
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Talk about the different entities involved like the authenticator, endpoint, authentication server etc.
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- ESS (Extended Service Set): Created by connecting multiple BSSs via a distribution system, allowing larger coverage and seamless client roaming.
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Star topology connects all devices to a central hub, while mesh topology connects devices directly to multiple others for redundancy.
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The candidate should describe measures such as implementing firewalls, intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS), using virtual private networks (VPNs), applying access control lists (ACLs), conducting regular security audits, and ensuring network segmentation to isolate sensitive data.
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I've been involved in DR planning from the design phase. The key questions I ask are: what's our RTO—how long can the network be down?—and what's our RPO—how much data can we afford to lose? For a financial services client, both of those were measured in minutes, so we designed with active-active redundancy and real-time replication. For less critical operations, we might have RTO measured in hours and use regular backups. Specifically, I've implemented redundant links between data centers so traffic can automatically failover. I've also worked on documenting recovery procedures and testing them regularly because a plan that's never tested doesn't work. We do a quarterly DR test where we actually fail over the network to the backup data center and measure how long services are down. Those tests have revealed issues we would have missed in a real crisis. One thing I learned the hard way is that having backups isn't enough—you need to test restoration regularly because I've seen situations where backups were corrupted and nobody knew until they tried to use them.
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Multicast routing is a form of broadcasting that sends a message to a selected group of recipients rather than transmitting it to all users on a subnet.
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The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven distinct layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.
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Advantages of Piggybacking: The major advantage of piggybacking is the better use of available channel bandwidth. Disadvantages of Piggybacking: The major disadvantage of piggybacking is additional complexity and if the data link layer waits too long before transmitting the acknowledgment, then re-transmission of the frame would take place.
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Routing and switching are fundamental networking concepts. Routing involves determining the best path for data packets to travel from the source to the destination in different networks. On the other hand, switching involves moving data packets between devices within the same network. While routers operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model, switches operate at the data link layer (Layer 2).
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Launched in 2003, 802.11g combines the best of both 802.11a and 802.11b. It operates in the 2.4 GHz frequency band and uses OFDM, offering a maximum data rate of 54 Mbps. It is backward compatible with 802.11b devices.
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A captive portal is a web page that users are redirected to when connecting to a public or guest wireless network. It typically requires users to authenticate or accept terms of service before granting access to the internet or network resources.
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1) The first line of defense of your Wi-Fi network is encryption, which encodes the data transmitted between your PC and your wireless router. 2) WEP abbreviates (Wireless Encryption Protocol). It is a less-secure protocol than WPA (Wireless Protected Access). Since WEP is relatively easy to crack, so you have to use the same form on all devices on your network. If you have an older router that supports WEP only you'll be best safest if you use 128-bit bit WEP keys but also check the manufacturer's Web site for a firmware update that will add WPA support. 3) Two of the most popular programs used for actually cracking the WEP key are Airsnort and Aircrack. Airsnort can be used with the .dump files that Kismet provides; and Aircrack can be use with .cap files that Airodump provides.
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- Wi-Fi vs Bluetooth: Wi-Fi is for high-speed internet access; Bluetooth is for short-range communication between devices.
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- CAPWAP vs LWAPP: CAPWAP supports both IPv4 and IPv6, provides better security, and uses DTLS, whereas LWAPP only supports IPv4 and is less secure.
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Network slicing creates isolated virtual networks for different services, optimizing performance.
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Authorization provides capabilities to enforce policies on network resources after the user has gained access to the network resources through authentication. After the authentication is successful, authorization can be used to determine what resources is the user allowed to access and the operations that can be performed.
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Airtime fairness ensures that all devices connected to a wireless network receive an equal opportunity to transmit data. It prevents a single device from monopolizing network resources and improves overall network performance and user experience.
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Proxy servers primarily prevent external users from identifying the IP addresses of an internal network. Without knowledge of the correct IP address, the physical location of the network cannot be determined. This makes network locations more secure.
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The full form of HTTPS is a Hypertext transfer protocol secure. It is an advanced version of the HTTP protocol. Its port number is 443 by default. It uses SSL/TLS protocol for providing security.
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The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) is designed for reporting errors and information related to network connectivity issues to the origin of the failed transmission. It is primarily utilized by network administrators to diagnose and resolve issues related to Internet connectivity. The ICMP protocol operates by generating and transmitting messages to the originating IP address, signaling the inability to access an Internet gateway for the purpose of delivering packets. The process involves the transmission of datagrams that comprise an IP header, which encapsulates the ICMP data. Error messages such as: - Destination unreachable - Source quench message - Redirection message - Time exceeded message - Parameter problem
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The 2.4 GHz band offers longer range but is more susceptible to interference and congestion from other devices (e.g., microwaves, Bluetooth). The 5 GHz band provides faster speeds and less interference but has a shorter range and lower penetration through obstacles.
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Check bandwidth usage, test for packet loss, analyze QoS settings, inspect for malware, and verify hardware performance.
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A VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a logical segmentation of a physical network that separates broadcast domains within a switch. There are various reasons to use Virtual LANs. First of all VLANs are important for security. We can divide different departments traffic with VLANs. This also provides broadcast traffic reduce. Instead of one large network, we can divide our network into smaller parts. By doing this network management become easier. Follow-up Question: What is the difference between an access port and a trunk port? Access Port is a port which belongs to one VLAN and carries traffic for that VLAN. It is used for end devices like PCs and printers. Trunk Port is a port that carries traffic for multiple VLANs between switches. VLAN information is preserved using VLAN tagging (802.1Q). Follow-up Question: Can devices in different VLANs communicate directly? No, they cannot. Because the devices in different VLANs are in separate broadcast domains. Here, Inter-VLAN Routing is required. There are two ways to use Inter-VLAN Routing: Using a Router or using a Layer 3 switch to use Switch Virtual Interfaces.
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The IEEE 802.11 generation is actually only the earliest standard, allowing 1-2 Mbps of bandwidth. Amendments have be made to the original standard in order to optimize bandwidth (these include the 802.11a, 802.11b and 802.11g standards, which are also called 802.11 physical standards) or to better specify components in order to ensure improved security or compatibility. Name of Generation- 802.11a Name- WiFi5 Description- The 802.11a standard (called Wi-Fi 5) allows higher bandwidth (54 Mbps maximum throughput, 30 Mbps in practice). The 802.11a standard provides 8 radio channels in the 5 GHz frequency band.
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Multicast is a method of group communication where the sender sends data to multiple receivers or nodes present in the network simultaneously. Multicasting is a type of one-to-many and many-to-many communication as it allows sender or senders to send data packets to multiple receivers at once across LANs or WANs. This process helps in minimizing the data frame of the network. For more details please read Multicasting in computer network article.
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IP Spoofing is essentially a technique used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to Computers. Concepts of IP Spoofing were initially discussed in academic circles as early as 1980. IP Spoofing types of attacks had been known to Security experts on the theoretical level. It was primarily theoretical until Robert Morris discovered a security weakness in the TCP protocol known as sequence prediction. Occasionally IP spoofing is done to mask the origins of a Dos attack. In fact, Dos attacks often mask the actual IP addresses from where the attack has originated from.
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| Bluetooth | Wifi | |---|---| | Bluetooth has no full form. | While Wi-Fi stands for Wireless Fidelity. | | It requires a Bluetooth adapter on all devices for connectivity. | Whereas it requires a wireless adapter Bluetooth for all devices and a wireless router for connectivity. | | Bluetooth consumes low power. | while it consumes high power. | | The security of Bluetooth is less in comparison to the number of Wi-Fi. | While it provides better security than Bluetooth. | | Bluetooth is less flexible means these limited users are supported. | Whereas Wi-Fi supports a large number of users. | | The radio signal range of Bluetooth is ten meters. | Whereas in Wi-Fi this range is a hundred meters. | | Bluetooth requires low bandwidth. | While it requires high bandwidth. |
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Jitter refers to a "packet delay variance," which is a problem when multiple packets of data encounter multiple delays in the network, and the data at the acceptor application is time-critical, i.e., audio or video data. It is calculated in milliseconds and is described as interference with the normal process of sharing data packets.
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nslookup and dig query DNS servers to resolve domain names to IP addresses, helping diagnose DNS issues.
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The three main types of propagation are: Line-of-Sight (LOS): Signals travel directly from the transmitter to the receiver with no obstacles. Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS): Signals are obstructed by obstacles and rely on reflections, diffraction, or scattering. Groundwave/Surface wave: Signals propagate close to the earth's surface.
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Change management ensures structured updates to minimize disruptions and maintain network stability.
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I have extensive experience designing and implementing wireless networks, ensuring optimal coverage and performance. For troubleshooting Wi-Fi issues, I use tools like Ekahau and Wireshark to diagnose and resolve connectivity problems, resulting in a 40% improvement in network reliability.
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- Message: The data unit created at the application layer. - Segment or User Datagram: The data unit created at the transport layer. - Datagram: The data unit created at the network layer.
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To troubleshoot wireless connectivity issues: - - Check the SSID and password for correctness. - Verify that the access point is powered on and operational. - Ensure there is no interference from other devices or physical obstructions. - Check for IP address conflicts and DHCP settings. - Review the access point's configuration and firmware for updates.
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A layer divides the PDU (protocol data unit) process entirely logically. They specify the method by which data is sent through a network from one machine to another.
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A VPN is a Virtual Private Network. It creates a secure path over the internet, like a tunnel, to connect to a remote server.
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10Base2 defines the data transfer rate, i.e., 10Mbps, where Base is the "Baseband" and T defines the cable type. The IEEE 802.3a standard defines 10Base2, which includes data transmission rates of 10Mbps and a maximum segment length of 185 meters through the utilization of RG-58 coaxial cable. The 10Base2 protocol is characterized by a physical bus topology and employs BNC connectors that are equipped with 50-ohm terminators at both ends of the cable. It is necessary to ground one of the physical ends of every segment.
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The candidate should discuss common design challenges like coverage gaps, interference, capacity planning, or scalability issues.
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Imperative specifies step-by-step commands, while declarative defines the desired end state.
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- IBSS (Independent Basic Service Set): Direct device-to-device communication without a central device. - BSS (Basic Service Set): Wireless LAN established using an Access Point.
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A proxy server takes on the responsibility of accessing and retrieving data on behalf of users, much like how a DNS server caches website addresses. Additionally, it keeps a record of websites, distinguishing between those that are whitelisted or banned, thereby shielding users from easily avoidable viruses.
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RIP (Routing Information Protocol) uses hop count for path selection, OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) uses link-state algorithms for scalability, and EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) uses composite metrics for efficient routing.
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A firewall filters traffic based on security rules to protect against unauthorized access.
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I handle network capacity planning by analyzing current usage patterns and forecasting future demands to ensure scalability. For performance optimization, I regularly monitor key metrics and implement adjustments to maintain optimal network efficiency.
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♣ There are 6 IFSs are there. RIFS, SIFS, PIFS, DIFS, AIFS, EIFS. ♣ In short => RIFS: 11n, SIFS: Between Data and ACK, PIFS: Urgent frame transmission, AIFS: WMM enabled client, EIFS: For Retransmitted]. ♣ RIFS->2us. ♣ AIFS->Depends on AIFSN. ♠ For detailed explanation : IFS
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The candidate should confirm experience with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) technologies, including antenna configurations and performance improvements.
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The ipconfig command stands for Internet protocol configuration that is used for configuring networking devices on Windows machines. All the TCP/IP network summary data can be displayed through this command using the command line. It is also used for refreshing the settings of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) and Domain Name System (DNS). The ifconfig stands for interface configuration. The command is used for configuring and managing the network interface parameters on the TCP/IP network. The network interface IP addresses can be viewed with the help of this command. The command is used on MAC, LINUX and Unix operating systems.
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At the Data link layer trailer is added and at the OSI model layer 6,5,4,3 added header.
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Use QoS, load balancing, caching, and regular monitoring to reduce latency and improve throughput.
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Look for a systematic approach, starting with basic connectivity checks like verifying the network cable and IP address. They should also mention checking the default gateway and DNS settings.
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The three-way handshake happens as: - SYN: The client sends a synchronization request to start a connection. - SYN-ACK: The Server acknowledges and sends a synchronization request. - ACK: The client acknowledges the server's request and completes the handshake.
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Traceroute sends packets with incrementing TTL values to map the path to a destination, revealing each hop's IP address and latency.
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WLAN-11ac has been introduced after previous versions of WLAN, which include 802.11a, 11b, 11g, and 11n. An 80MHz channel bandwidth is added. The number of MIMO streams has been enhanced to eight. 256QAM has been added.
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1024-QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) is a method used in WiFi 6 to achieve higher throughput. By allowing more data to be packed into each signal transmitted, it results in increased data rates. Compared to 256-QAM used in WiFi 5, 1024-QAM can deliver up to 25% more data, significantly enhancing network performance, especially in environments demanding high data transfer rates.
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An IP address is a unique numerical label assigned to each device in a network to identify and locate it.
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Multicast is a communication method where data is transmitted from one source to multiple destinations simultaneously. It is used in networking to efficiently deliver data, such as video streams or real-time updates, to multiple recipients without duplicating the data for each recipient. Multicast reduces network bandwidth usage and improves performance for applications that require simultaneous data delivery to multiple users.
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OSPF stands for Open Shortest Path First which uses a link-state routing algorithm. This protocol is faster than RIP because: - Using the link-state information which is available in routers, it constructs the topology of Bluetooth which Bluetooth the topology determines the routing table for routing decisions. - It supports both variable-length subnet masking and classless inter-domain routing addressing models. - Since it uses Dijkstra's algorithm, it computes the shortest path tree for each route. - OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is handling the error detection by itself and it uses multicast addressing for routing in a broadcast domain
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參考答案
I conduct network audits by reviewing system logs, analyzing configuration settings, and verifying compliance with security standards. This process helps identify potential weaknesses and opportunities for improvement. Regular audits are essential to ensure that the network remains secure, efficient, and aligned with industry best practices.
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Static routing uses manually configured routes, while dynamic routing uses protocols like OSPF or EIGRP to automatically update routes based on network changes.
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參考答案
A node is a point at which you establish a connection. This network component is how you'll send, receive and forward electronic information. A device connected to your network can also be a node. For example, if your network consisted of two computers, two printers, and a server, there'd be five nodes on your network.
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IaC manages network infrastructure through code, enabling version control and repeatable deployments.
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As the name sounds are the new alternative to signing a document digitally. It ensures that the message is sent to the intended use without any tampering by any third party (attacker). In simple words, digital signatures are used to verify the authenticity of the message sent electronically. OR A digital signature is a mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity and integrity of a message, software, or digital document.
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Also known as Wi-Fi 5, 802.11ac was introduced in 2013. It operates in the 5 GHz frequency band and uses multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) technology to achieve a maximum data rate of up to 6.93 Gbps. It provides better performance, range, and capacity than previous standards and is backward compatible with 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n devices.
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Use tools like SNMP, NetFlow, or packet analyzers to track bandwidth, errors, and patterns.
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Ping checks host availability and measures latency.
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An IP address works well with the machines and systems but it doesn't necessarily tell you which application or service on that machine must handle the request. And that is why, Port numbers are used. So basically, a port identifies a specific process or service running on a host. For example: 192.168.1.10:443 Here, 192.168.1.10 is the device, and 443 tells the system to route the request to the HTTPS service. This combination of IP address and port is called a socket, and it uniquely identifies a communication endpoint. Port numbers are divided into ranges: - 0–1023 - well-known ports which are system-level services - 1024–49151 - registered ports - 49152–65535 - dynamic/ephemeral ports used temporarily by clients Here are some well-known ports that you should keep in mind: - HTTP - 80 - HTTPS - 443 - FTP - 21 (control), 20 (data) - SSH - 22 - Telnet - 23 - SMTP - 25 - DNS - 53 - DHCP - 67/68 - POP3 - 110 - IMAP - 143 - SNMP - 161 Also remember! TCP and UDP handle ports separately. So port 53 (DNS) can work over both TCP and UDP. You can be asked this question as a follow-up during an interview: Q. Can two services use the same port? Your ans: Not on the same protocol at the same time. However, TCP:80 and UDP:80 are treated as separate, so both can work simultaneously.
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At Vodacom, I encountered significant interference issues affecting a critical deployment in a high-density area. I conducted a thorough site survey using spectrum analysis tools and discovered overlapping channels. I recommended a channel reallocation strategy and deployed additional access points to improve coverage. This reduced signal drops by 60%, significantly enhancing user experience. This experience taught me the importance of thorough site assessments and flexible problem-solving.
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Networking teams are becoming more collaborative with other teams, such as development teams, with different team members working together toward a common project goal. This question is a good time for you to talk about your teamwork skills and give examples of when you collaborated with other team members or other computer and IT groups in your company and what you achieved. Your previous experience is a good indicator of how you can work within a team environment when you join a new company or organization.
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A wireless network management system (WMS) provides centralized control and monitoring of wireless network components. It helps manage configuration, performance, security, and troubleshooting, offering insights and analytics to optimize network operations.
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參考答案
I worked with security to configure firewall rules and with server teams to resolve a DNS misconfiguration.
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參考答案
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) is an exterior gateway protocol used for routing between autonomous systems on the internet.
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A hub broadcasts data to every port on the network and is the least complicated of these devices. Switches are similar to hubs but are more efficient by dynamically creating connections and providing data only to the port requested. Routers come in all shapes and sizes and are the most complicated of these three devices. Their purpose is to route network traffic.
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參考答案
I subscribe to a few industry newsletters like Packet Pushers and follow some network engineers on Twitter who post about emerging trends. I've also gotten certifications like my CCNA, and I'm working toward my CCNP, which forces me to learn new technologies systematically. I tinker in my home lab—I have a few old routers and switches I practice on, and I sometimes spin up virtual network environments using GNS3 or Cisco's VIRL to experiment with new configurations before implementing them at work. I also attend a local networking meetup once a month where engineers from different companies share what they're working on. That exposure to what other organizations are doing helps me think about what might be relevant for us. Right now, I'm particularly interested in network automation and SDN because I see it becoming more mainstream, so I've started learning Python and Ansible.
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Here is a table explaining the difference between Hub, Switch, and Router – | Device | Layer (OSI Model) | Function | Example | | HUB | It works on Layer 1 i.e., Physical Layer | Connects multiple devices on a single network and broadcasts data to all ports. | A hub can be used to connect four computers in a small office network. | | Switch | It works on Layer 2 i.e., Data Link Layer | Connects multiple devices on one or more networks and forwards data to the destination port based on MAC address. | A switch can be used to create VLANs and reduce broadcast traffic. | | Router | It works on Layer 3 i.e., Network Layer | Connects two or more networks and routes data based on IP address. | A router can be used to connect a home network to the internet and provide firewall protection. |
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The infrastructural mode of Wi-Fi is a setup where devices connect via a central access point, which manages network traffic and provides connectivity to other networks, such as the internet.


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