{"id":6210,"date":"2025-01-26T11:06:26","date_gmt":"2025-01-26T11:06:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cciedump.spoto.net\/arabicblog\/blog\/%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-sql-2024\/"},"modified":"2025-01-26T11:06:26","modified_gmt":"2025-01-26T11:06:26","slug":"%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-sql-2024","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cciedump.spoto.net\/arabicblog\/blog\/%d8%a3%d9%87%d9%85-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%a6%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%a3%d8%ac%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa-sql-2024\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a SQL 2024"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648 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\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 HAVING \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 GROUP BY \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n5. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644.<br \/>\n\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 SQL \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n6. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a SQL\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645.<br \/>\n7. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 UNION \u0648UNION ALL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 UNION \u0648UNION ALL \u0644\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a SELECT. \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 UNION \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 UNION ALL \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<br \/>\n8. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 SQL \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a SELECT \u0623\u0648 UPDATE \u0623\u0648 DELETE \u0623\u0648 INSERT.<br \/>\n9. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 ACID \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: ACID \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0622\u0645\u0646. \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0626\u0629. \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f.<br \/>\n10. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 NULL \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a SQL. \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 IS NULL \u0623\u0648 IS NOT NULL \u0623\u0648 COALESCE \u0623\u0648 NULLIF. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 CASE \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n11. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 TRUNCATE \u0648\u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: TRUNCATE \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 DDL \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\nDELETE \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 DML \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0628\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646 TRUNCATE \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0630\u0641 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 DELETE \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<br \/>\n12. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0630\u0648\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n13. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a SQL\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a SQL \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 SQL \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<br \/>\n14. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0646 SQL \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062d\u0642\u0646 SQL \u0647\u0648 \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0631\u0645\u0632 SQL \u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0646 SQL\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u062f SQL \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 SQL.<br \/>\n15. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f \u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643:<br \/>\n16. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 SQL \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643:<br \/>\n17. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637.<br \/>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629.<br \/>\n18. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f \u0627\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<br \/>\n\u062d\u062f\u062f e1.name, e2.ManagerName<br \/>\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 e1<br \/>\n\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 e2 \u0639\u0644\u0649 e1.managerID = e2.employeeID;<br \/>\n19. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 SELECT. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n20. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a SQL\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f (\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f (\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<br \/>\n22. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d 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UNION \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a SELECT \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<br \/>\n\u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c UNION ALL \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a SELECT \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<br \/>\n25. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<br \/>\n32. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<br \/>\n33. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a CHAR \u0648 VARCHAR \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: CHAR \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a \u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644.<br \/>\nVARCHAR \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0634\u0648.<br \/>\n34. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a SQL \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f.<br \/>\n35. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 COALESCE \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 COALESCE \u0628\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u063a\u0629.<br \/>\n36. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 ROLLUP \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 ROLLUP \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0637 GROUP BY \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a.<br \/>\n37. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 UNIQUE \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644:<br \/>\nALTER TABLE table table_name<br \/>\n\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f CONSTRAINT \u0642\u064a\u062f_\u0627\u0633\u0645 UNIQUE (\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f1\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f2);<br \/>\n38. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (CTE) \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: CTE \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n39. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 LAG \u0648 LEAD \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: LAG: \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 LAG \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<br \/>\nLEAD: \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 LEAD \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<br \/>\n\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 SQL Server<br \/>\n40. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 SQL CASE\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 CASE \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a \u0641\u064a SQL. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a SELECT\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a SQL \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0648\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642.<br \/>\n41. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<br \/>\n42. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 HAVING \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 HAVING \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 GROUP BY \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 SUM \u0648 AVG \u0648 COUNT\u060c \u0625\u0644\u062e.<br \/>\n43. \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 SQL\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 SQL\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<br \/>\n44. \u0627\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 UNION \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 UNION ALL \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: UNION: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a SELECT \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0646 UNION \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<br \/>\n45. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a SQL\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u0641\u064a SQL\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 TRY&#8230;CATCH \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 CATCH\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629.<br \/>\n46. \u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 EXISTS \u0641\u064a SQL \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061f<br \/>\n\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 EXISTS \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0623. 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